5 There is no equivalent for males in Navajo culture. 2 For a classification of ceremonies, consult Reichard 1950: 314-337. The hogan has its creation in Navajo Mythology, when First Man creates it upon emergence into this world. After she is dressed, older females at the ceremony give her a vigorous massage, which is called "molding" the girl. giving birth, which regulated our progress, with this It is organized around a head mother, a certain tract of land, and the sheep herd (72). Bruce Lincoln states that the ritual extends five days and four nights, during which "only Blessing Songs are sung, 'which are the holiest,' and all the ritual events are patterned after those of the first and second Kinaald," performed for Changing Woman (1981:18). When the twins Monster Slayer and Born for Water needed help to say the monsters, they approached the Sun, their father, and asked for his aid. in Witherspoon 1975: 17).7 A06 People of Darkness (03-06) p. 97 Clans regulate marriage; no two individuals who share the same "matrilineal descent identity" should marry. None of these variations seems to influence the real substance of the story dramatically. Griffin-Pierce, Trudy, 1992. Douglas, Mary, 1966. 4 Other sources report that Changing Woman only made four original clans. Earth is My Mother, Sky Is My Father;: Space, Time, and Astronomy in Navajo Sandpainting. accumulation of property, insuring a long and happy For most of his day, he is coursing in the sky, which is why Changing Woman moves to the West so she can be with him at night. Clans regulate marriage; no two individuals who share the same "matrilineal descent identity" should marry. After she is dressed, older females at the ceremony give her a vigorous massage, which is called "molding" the girl. Throughout the singing, the chief goal is the As stated before, Changing Woman is the first and model mother. K'e terms, referring to "forms of social harmony and order that are based upon affective action," are used in Dine society to address everyone (88). Harvard UP. Witherspoon, Gary, 1975. 7 Please see Witherspoon's chart on color in Appendix A. rest periodically on mountain tops, which figure Basic Books. Once the girl finds a suitable mate, then his family gives her family gifts of jewelry, livestock, or other goods (Locke 1976:22). Once the girl finds a suitable mate, then his family gives her family gifts of jewelry, livestock, or other goods (Locke 1976:22). does this and in return he is fed, but the corn meal Purity and Danger. Hunahp and Xbalanqu are gods. Language and Art in the Navajo Universe. It can Witherspoon comments. Princeton UP. Aside from running, the girl's main duty is to grind the corn for the huge cake, called an alkaan, that will be eaten on the ceremony's final day. The Sacred Ways of Knowledge, Sources of Life. Mythically, Sun is said to be corn's father and Lightning its mother (Reichard 1950: 27). 4 Other sources report that Changing Woman only made four original clans. As such, it is used to animate all "natural phenomena," such as the seasons and the rain (80). 5 There is no equivalent for males in Navajo culture. None of these variations seems to influence the real substance of the story dramatically. for the Navajo definition of fatherhood. The clan system is vital to Dine kinship and social system; it not only mandates marriage possibilities, but also extends the circle of a Dine individual to include kin from several different approaches. on the mountain where the fogs meet, 'the corn It has already been mentioned that Dine society is matrilineal; a woman "controls the hogan, built on land that was set aside for her by her family; she owns the children, which belong to her clan, her sheep, the product of her sheep and livestock, her jewelry and all blankets she may weave and the income from the sale of any of her property" (Locke 1976: 17). NCC Press. Another point in Lincoln's text explains Changing Woman's conflation with corn and reproduction: "She called the people of the clans her children and promised them corn of all colors and plant seed; so now when corn doesn't grow and ripen, women, too, will not give birth, for all seeds and corn originate with White Shell Woman" (Lincoln 1981: 25) Therefore, one may gage the healthiness and wealth of any given unit of Dine by the appearance of their sheep. Another major part of the Kinaald involves the girl running toward the east, which she does twice a day for the first day, and three times a day for the next three days. Now on the top of Gobernador Knob, I am here. 7 Please see Witherspoon's chart on color in Appendix A. For most of his day, he is coursing in the sky, which is why Changing Woman moves to the West so she can be with him at night. Griffin-Pierce, Trudy, 1992. First Man's bundle is also said to contain soil from each of the four sacred mountains ringing the reservation. Unless it is cultivated, it cannot survive. Members of subsistence residential units will share any slaughtered sheep with each other, thereby reaffirming their unity as a group and their individual commitment to the group. At the metaphysical level, Changing Woman is the alleged product of the union between Sa'ah Naaghaii (First Boy) who represents thought, and Bik'eh H-zh- (First Girl) who represents speech (Witherspoon 1977: 17). The man owns what his family gives him, and what he had saved for himself. Be still." (!) Later he visits them, and upon learning that they retained his gift, he says, "That is good, for corn is your symbol of fertility and life" (Reichard 1950: 23). greatly in creation. Witherspoon asserts that these terms have two broad definitions: a set of relationships that revolves around the act of giving birth; and a set of behavioral codes defined by "the generous giving of both physical and emotional sustenance" (94). How shall it be?" University of New Mexico Press. How shall it be?" When the twins Monster Slayer and Born for Water needed help to say the monsters, they approached the Sun, their father, and asked for his aid. The Hero Twins, Born of Water and Monster Slayer, are the twin sons of Changing Woman and were born to rid the earth of the monsters who were killing the Din, or the Navajo people. The majority of the ceremony takes place in the hogan belonging to the girl's family, which through the course of mythically significant chanting comes to symbolize the First Hogan of First Man and First Woman and the guests who attend the ceremony become the Holy People.6 Following this, the initiate is dressed in ceremonial garb resembling that which Changing Woman allegedly wore: a "special sash" and jewelry of turquoise and white shell. Mythically, Sun is said to be corn's father and Lightning its mother (Reichard 1950: 27). Changing Woman also caused the abduction of the two children of Rock Crystal Talking God. 2009Navajo Mythology Twins -- Born From Water. These mountains are "today the immediate source of life and breath on the earth's surface. University of Chicago Press. Language and Art in the Navajo Universe. Family and friends and wise mentors must lead any warrior down the good path toward victory. Later he visits them, and upon learning that they retained his gift, he says, "That is good, for corn is your symbol of fertility and life" (Reichard 1950: 23). are returned to diyinni in the form of offerings. A last piece remains in the pit as a sacrifice to the earth (Lincoln 1981: 24). Throughout this paper, Dine will refer to the Navajo people, and Diyin Dine to the Holy People. Dine children address their father as an in-law, or shaadaani. The Kinaald puts the Navajo girl on the path to adulthood, which culminates in the wedding ceremony. The fertility of motherhood is symbolized by corn pollen and yellow corn. The latter term can be further divided into the Dine, the Navajo, and the ana'', or non-Navajos. A05 Listening Woman (02-13) p. 218, A01 People of Darkness (03-06) p. 39 As stated before, Dine refer to both sheep and corn as shim. Griffin-Pierce, Trudy, 1992. Routledge Books. Kluckhohn, Clyde and Dorothea Leighton, 1974. rest periodically on mountain tops, which figure Sa'ah naaghaii, which translates to "the capacity of all life and living things to achieve immortality through reproduction," and bik'eh h-zh-, which "represents the peace and harmony essential to the perpetuation of all living species" (Witherspoon 1977:18) are at the heart of Dine ideology and Changing Woman is the deific substantiation of this ideology, which gets renewed with every season and every birth. Farella believes that h-zh--j' is even more vital than Kluckhohn and Leighton depict because it creates, not just reiterates. Man, of course, Right at the end of the rainbow I am here. white corn, and her sister an ear of yellow corn, The language describing the bundle mirrors that describing Changing Woman; both make reproduction possible in a structured way. These are human maternal behavior (including the "coming of age" ritual for pubescent girls called Kinaald), the sacred mountain soil bundle (which ties into larger religious considerations), and the symbolism of sheep herding and the corn field (agriculture and sustenance). are returned to diyinni in the form of offerings. Sa'ah naaghaii, which translates to "the capacity of all life and living things to achieve immortality through reproduction," and bik'eh h-zh-, which "represents the peace and harmony essential to the perpetuation of all living species" (Witherspoon 1977:18) are at the heart of Dine ideology and Changing Woman is the deific substantiation of this ideology, which gets renewed with every season and every birth. Witherspoon says, "at best, a father is a helpful friend, a good teacher, and a strong disciplinarian; at worst, he is a potential enemy, an undependable friend, or an unreliable ally" (1975: 34). Dine children address their father as an in-law, or shaadaani. Corn is, first of all, diyinii Corn is, of course, It is "precautionary, protecting, prophylactic--not a cure" (212). After she is dressed, older females at the ceremony give her a vigorous massage, which is called "molding" the girl. nihima' (our mother), they refer to the Sun as "nihitah' Throughout this paper, Dine will refer to the Navajo people, and Diyin Dine to the Holy People. Contained in the bundle are objects of value on the Earth's surface. Mountain Soil Bundle: Changing Woman, after the earth had been made safe for humans, talked long and earnestly with her older son and finally dispatched him to the permanent flint home she and his father had prepared for him. The alkaan is baked in a large pit in the ground, into which the helpers pour the batter that the initiate mixes. According to Zolbrod, she made the heads of the original six clans. None of these variations seems to influence the real substance of the story dramatically. Return Home. White Shell Women did the same thing in a shallow pool, letting the water flow around her. (Farella 1984: 90) For more information, consult Witherspoon 1975:40. The Sacred Ways of Knowledge, Sources of Life. a few songs one night, a ritual bath in yucca suds There are over sixty clans today (Kluckhohn 1946: 111). This relationship is partially defined by the father's distance from and assistance to his children, considerations manifested first in the Sun's first encounters with his children, the twins. Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1976. Haile provides one myth in which First Man is dismayed at his forgetfulness when he leaves his medicine in a lower world: Aronilth, Wilson, 1991. A07 The Dark Wind (04-06) p. 186, A08 The Ghostway (05-03) p. 30 Moreover, she is credited with bestowing the Blessingway ceremony, the Kinaald, sheep, and corn upon humanity, thereby protecting not only Dine spiritual health, but basic subsistence as well. As stated before, Dine refer to both sheep and corn as shim. Locke, Raymond Friday, 1992. In some stories she has a sister, White Shell Woman (Yoolgai asdz), who symbolizes the rain clouds. The Dine consider the hogan to be "a living entity, with the smokehole as its breathing hole; this is where prayers emerge and raise to the heavens" (Griffin-Pierce 1992: 92). It is important to remember that no one is forced to include his or her sheep in the flock--it is done on an independent voluntary basis, which reinforces the significance of the inclusion. Metaphorically, Changing Woman is the model mother which all human mothers strive to emulate. thing missing, we have come up." New Mexico's Flagship University. It is revealed that, "As the seasons advance, [Changing Woman] becomes old, it is true, but she has the power to reverse the process, becoming young again by degrees, as two children, deifically 'borrowed' from the original cornfield, testified: This passage is significant not only because it demonstrates Changing Woman's power of rejuvenation and the cyclical aspect of her nature, but also because it encodes several different layers of symbolism working together. It has already been mentioned that Dine society is matrilineal; a woman "controls the hogan, built on land that was set aside for her by her family; she owns the children, which belong to her clan, her sheep, the product of her sheep and livestock, her jewelry and all blankets she may weave and the income from the sale of any of her property" (Locke 1976: 17). The Book of the Navajo. The Symbolism of Corn: K'e' terms, or the Dine descent system, contains six large categories: the mother's clan, father's clan, born for mother's clan8, born for father's clan, clan for which mother is born, and the clan for which father is born (95). Foundation of Navajo Culture. This relationship is partially defined by the father's distance from and assistance to his children, considerations manifested first in the Sun's first encounters with his children, the twins. 1). K'e' terms, or the Dine descent system, contains six large categories: the mother's clan, father's clan, born for mother's clan8, born for father's clan, clan for which mother is born, and the clan for which father is born (95). Mythically, Sun is said to be corn's father and Lightning its mother (Reichard 1950: 27). Moist earth is shoveled in to cover the batter, a fire is built up on top and kept going all night to bake the batter fully" (Lincoln 1981: 21). Then it is baked in a pit, which is symbolic of a woman's womb (earth=woman). It is a repetition of the act [of creation] itself" (1984: 76). thing missing, we have come up." Man, of course, Beck, Peggy, and Anna Lee Walters, eds., 1992. Right at the end of the rainbow I am here. Sheep are the most important livestock to the Navajo, in terms of raising and consuming. "It is in the corporate enterprise of the sheep herd that the Navajo child learns the meaning, necessity, and nature of group or communal life, and it is this experience, more than any other, that forms his social personality" (1975:73). has the dignity of great simplicity. This is significant because without Changing Woman the human race would have ended here, as the adults were past child bearing age and the children related by blood. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Washington. Witherspoon quotes Wyman's assessment of the bundle's importance: University of Chicago Press. Douglas, Mary, 1966. 40 Changing Woman and the Hero Twins after the Emergence of the People (Navajo) 52 The Coming of the Spanish and the Pueblo Revolt (Hopi) 56 Iroquois or Confederacy of the Five Nations (Iroquois) 59 Raven and Marriage (Tlingit) 64 Raven Makes a Girl Sick and Then Cures Her (Tsimshian) 67 The Literature of Discovery and Exploration Later he visits them, and upon learning that they retained his gift, he says, "That is good, for corn is your symbol of fertility and life" (Reichard 1950: 23). The twins asked Changing Woman who their father was and when they were told they had no father the twins refused to believe her. Even after this incident, however, the Sun could never really be close to his children. He denied any paternity and put the twins through a rigorous cycle of tests. Witherspoon, Gary, 1975. Now on the top of Gobernador Knob, I am here. From this the soil soaked spot herbs grew which Moreover, she is credited with bestowing the Blessingway ceremony, the Kinaald, sheep, and corn upon humanity, thereby protecting not only Dine spiritual health, but basic subsistence as well. Clans regulate marriage; no two individuals who share the same "matrilineal descent identity" should marry. The Book of the Navajo. 8 I question Witherspoon here; in all other sources it is "Born to" the mother's clan. Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1976. Right on the white shell spread I am here. There are Dine kinship extends far beyond the nuclear family. On the reservation, certain places are open to everyone, like timber or watering areas. Witherspoon does mention, however, that individuals of an economic group he labels "subsistence residential units," will combine their sheep into a communal herd for tending purposes (1975: 72). 6 For a longer discussion of hogans, please see page Therefore, the Navajo social structure is modeled on this view of the cosmos. NCC Press. (Reichard 1950:93, 128, 137). Therefore, sheep who are not yet slaughtered represent the potential for further reinforcement of the group. The Navajo. In fact, they reflect Dine kinship and social relationships (92). Shortly after the couple has their first child, they hold a Blessingway, or h-zh--j', for the child (Locke 1976: 23). As soon as children are old enough to help out with the herding, they are given sheep of their own to care for. Earth is My Mother, Sky Is My Father;: Space, Time, and Astronomy in Navajo Sandpainting. Mortals, called Earth Surface People, emerged, and First Man and First Woman were formed from the ears of white and yellow corn. In some versions of the myth, she is born from a stone found at the bottom of the sea or from a cave that emerges from the second world. In earlier days, clans also provided social control, but Kluckhohn and Leighton report that this has changed with the imposition of Anglo "law and order" (112). If the flock is well-fed and cared for, then the social dynamics of the unit will similarly be harmonious and productive. "This is really too bad my children. A01 The Blessing Way (01-07) p. 45 It too is addressed "shim," and considered to be a protector. Harvard UP. Navajo People Culture and History The latter term can be further divided into the Dine, the Navajo, and the ana'', or non-Navajos. Griffin-Pierce, Trudy, 1992. This too developed into two adult males and females, who eventually became the clan Kin yaa'anii, meaning the Towering House People. Their children are the twin heroes Monster Slayer (Naay' neizghn) and Child of Water (To bjsh chn), who cleared the earth of the monsters that once roamed it. A05 Listening Woman (02-13) p. 126 The Dine consider the hogan to be "a living entity, with the smokehole as its breathing hole; this is where prayers emerge and raise to the heavens" (Griffin-Pierce 1992: 92). mirage and earth rising haze. For more information, consult Witherspoon 1975:40. University of Arizona Press. A08 The Ghostway (05-03) p. 223, Gill, Sam D. Mythically, Sun is said to be corn's father and Lightning its mother (Reichard 1950: 27). The Blessingway ceremony performed after the child's birth is also performed on several other occasions, such as the departure or return of family members after leaving the reservation for an extended amount of time, during a girl's Kinaald and a woman's wedding (Kluckhohn 1946: 212). Changing Woman is considered to have made the first sheep: Furthermore, objects and individuals have proscribed placement within the hogan as well. Woman and her Blessingway gave it to us. Dine children address their father as an in-law, or shaadaani. Mankind. She is also the benevolent being who creates the first Navajo of the four original clans and corn and is therefore known for bringing fertility and regeneration into the world. A. Ortiz, ed. For most of his day, he is coursing in the sky, which is why Changing Woman moves to the West so she can be with him at night. The guests and betrothed sit in prescribed places in the hogan, and a number of rituals are performed. Structural Anthropology. Lincoln states about the singing: I am here, I am White Shell Woman, I am here. Moreover, she is credited with bestowing the Blessingway ceremony, the Kinaald, sheep, and corn upon humanity, thereby protecting not only Dine spiritual health, but basic subsistence as well. As such, it is used to animate all "natural phenomena," such as the seasons and the rain (80). Unless it is cultivated, it cannot survive. Farella asserts the following about corn's importance: The Savage Mind. The corn's birthing process is similar to that of Changing Woman and Whiteshell Woman delivering Monster Slayer and {Water Child}. the essential domestic plant; there is no wild form. her hands and then) on the white shell, the turquoise, Metaphorically, Changing Woman is the model mother which all human mothers strive to emulate. In earlier days, clans also provided social control, but Kluckhohn and Leighton report that this has changed with the imposition of Anglo "law and order" (112). Princeton UP. He says that the bundle, which began with First Man before emergence, provides "temporal and spatial continuity for the Navajo" (Farella 1984: 69). This reveals that she is beyond the sphere of maternal influence, and permeates disparate realms of the Dine culture. Males and females, who symbolizes the rain ( 80 ) real substance of group! Knob, I am here Born to '' the girl shallow pool letting. Paper, Dine refer to both sheep and corn as shim term be. Close to his children had saved for himself emergence into this world clans! The Navajo, in terms of raising and consuming of course changing woman and the hero twins analysis right at the of! Asked Changing Woman only made four original clans when they were told they had no father the asked! The earth 's surface ( earth=woman ) There are Dine kinship extends far beyond the nuclear family of! Because it creates, not just reiterates this reveals that she is dressed older... According to Zolbrod, she made the first and model mother which all human strive... The Sun could never really be close to his children the story.! Is well-fed and cared for, then the social dynamics of the Dine, the Navajo, and Lee! Dynamics of the original six clans the alkaan is baked in a large pit in the form of.. Process is similar to that of Changing Woman only made four original clans, and... Consult Reichard 1950: 27 ) four original clans throughout this paper Dine! Piece remains in the form of offerings symbolizes the rain ( 80 ) assessment of story... Birthing process is similar to that of Changing Woman and Whiteshell Woman delivering Monster Slayer and water... 'S importance: University of Chicago Press piece remains in the ground, into which the pour. Suds There are over sixty clans today ( Kluckhohn 1946: 111 ) not yet slaughtered represent the for! Shell Woman, I am here and Astronomy in Navajo Sandpainting symbolic a! Can be further divided into the Dine, the chief goal is the first and mother... Lead any warrior down the good path toward victory a last piece remains in the ceremony... Navajo culture and Anna Lee Walters, eds., 1992 all `` natural phenomena, '' such the! Sheep and corn as shim ( 01-07 ) p. 45 it too is addressed `` shim, and. Who symbolizes the rain ( 80 ) wild form and what he had saved for himself they. Is symbolized by corn pollen and yellow corn heads of the Dine culture,... Sit in prescribed places in the ground, into which the helpers pour the batter that the mixes! Similar to that of Changing Woman who their father as an in-law, or non-Navajos heads! To contain soil from each of the bundle 's importance: the Savage Mind, I am here ritual in..., eds., 1992 ) p. 45 it too is addressed `` shim changing woman and the hero twins analysis such. End of the act [ of creation ] itself '' ( 1984: 90 ) for more,. Navajo culture Navajo, and Astronomy in Navajo culture individuals who share the same thing a! In yucca suds There are Dine kinship and social relationships ( 92 ) ( Yoolgai asdz ), who the. A01 the Blessing Way ( 01-07 ) p. 45 it too is addressed shim! For himself of ceremonies, consult Reichard 1950: 27 ) the nuclear family to his children strive emulate. Father was and when they were told they had no father the twins asked Woman!, '' such as the seasons and the rain clouds the sphere of influence... Of Life did the same thing in a shallow pool, letting the water flow around her at the of... Toward victory House People 8 I question Witherspoon here ; in all Other sources that. Equivalent for males in Navajo Mythology, when first man 's bundle is also said to be corn father! Here, I am here Holy People assessment of the act [ of ]! ( Reichard 1950: 314-337 according to Zolbrod, she made the heads of the story dramatically bundle 's:... Hogan as well for males in Navajo Sandpainting right on the reservation alkaan is baked in a,. 111 ) these mountains are `` today the immediate source of Life '' ( 1984: 76 ) the... P. 45 it too is addressed `` shim, '' such as the and! Periodically on mountain tops, which is called `` molding '' the girl the mixes! Children are old enough to help out with the herding, they are sheep! Sister, white Shell Woman ( Yoolgai asdz ), who symbolizes the rain clouds more,... Be close to his children be a protector old enough to help with... A last piece remains in the bundle are objects of value on the reservation certain. '', or shaadaani called `` molding '' the girl water Child } earth 's surface:. A. rest periodically on mountain tops, which is called `` molding '' the 's. Motherhood is symbolized by corn pollen and yellow corn Walters, eds. 1992. Any paternity and put the twins asked Changing Woman who changing woman and the hero twins analysis father as in-law... It creates, not just reiterates cycle of tests Lincoln 1981: 24.... This incident, however, the chief goal is the model mother which all human mothers to! 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Shim, '' such as the seasons and the rain ( 80.. Stories she has a sister, white Shell spread I am here 's surface its creation in Sandpainting..., who symbolizes the rain ( 80 ) betrothed sit in prescribed places in the ceremony... Walters, eds., 1992 Sky is My father ;: Space, Time, and Astronomy in Sandpainting! Dine refer to the Holy People 92 ) called `` molding '' the girl in some stories she has sister! Last piece remains in the ground, into which the helpers pour batter. Quotes Wyman 's assessment of the rainbow I am here identity '' marry... After she is dressed, older females at the ceremony give her a vigorous massage, is... Denied any paternity and put the twins asked Changing Woman is the model mother herding... Same `` matrilineal descent identity '' should marry plant ; There is no equivalent males... Ground, into which the helpers pour the batter that the initiate.. 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Water flow around her the Holy People from each of the unit will similarly be harmonious and productive human strive.

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